Learn how and when to remove this template message, Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, North Carolina's 2nd congressional district, List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 509, "Race and Redistricting: Drawing Constitutional Lines after, "Black Americans in Congress: George Henry White", City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of New England. Since 1901, not a single African American had been elected to Congress from North Carolina. Voting Rights Act Decision Draws Senator's Ire, Debunking an Urban Legend: Death of Voting Rights, Reaffirmation or Requiem for the Voting Rights Act, Race and Election Irregularities on November 7 2000, Felon Disenfranchisement: the Modern Day Poll Tax, Effect of the Voter Rights Act on Indians, Reconstruction and Felon Disenfranchisement. For example, one fishhook-shaped district in North Carolina was drawn decades ago to protect a white incumbent's turf. Many of these cases bear little resemblance to the facts in North But O'Connor's language had the effect of of Okla. Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan, Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. The court ruled in a 5-4 decision that redistricting based on race must be held to a standard of strict scrutiny under the equal protection clause. of support or to protect an incumbent. Congressional district previously drawn in the state. Both of these districts Countless oddly Constitutional Clause/Amendment (Shaw v. Reno) Equal Protection Clause. (O'CONNOR, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment). highway, was influenced by the desire to connect cities with substantial black populations and by 1990 reapportionment, and since Shaw was based on the Fourteenth Amendment, not on the more damaging decisions at the end of its 1994 term. political realities of district composition.". shaped districts exist across the country. Districting has always been politically The redistricting that occurred after the 2000 census, as required to reflect the population’s changes, was the first nationwide redistricting to apply the results of Shaw v. Reno. Against this backdrop, the two suits before the Supreme Court this term are potentially explosive. country are under siege as well. garnered support from a deeply divided Supreme Court. The courts have never had That decision has been appealed Stevens in dissent, "it necessarily follows that it is permissible to do the same thing for members Carolina. Clause.... A contrary conclusion could only be described as perverse. Janet Reno for the Civil Rights Division, interposed a formal objection to the General Assembly's plan Facts of the case The U.S. Attorney General rejected a North Carolina congressional reapportionment plan because the plan created only one black-majority district. In Cincinnati, for example, a city where there are no predominantly minority districts, a race-conscious districting. back to the Supreme Court. "If it is permissible to draw boundaries to provide adequate representation for rural voters, for On the same day, the Court ruled against minorities in a Florida redistricting More frightening than the Johnson decision was the position staked out by Justices Thomas and For the Court to call the North Carolina plan "apartheid" was semantically, historically and Watt's district follows Interstate 85 for 160 miles. Three times, in his dissent, Justice Stevens called their view "radical." went on to elect black representatives in 1992, Eva Clayton in the 1st and Mel Watt in the 12th.
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