Ema Atai Ema Atai, Edidem, Biop sai." . Select search scope, currently: catalog all catalog, articles, website, & more in one search; catalog books, media & more in the Stanford Libraries' collections; articles+ journal articles & other e-resources At its peak, it permeated the social, economic and political life of the Efiks but lately its dominance has been eroded as urbanization and modern political administration expanded. [53] Aphrom was a corruption of Ephraim which was an anglicised form of the Efik name Efiom. Her behavior at the board meeting was obsequious\mathit{obsequious}obsequious; for example, she actually offered to wash the company president's car! [49] Prior to the arrival of the Efiom Ekpo group, oral tradition has it that when some Efik migrated to Creek town from Ndodoghi, The Enwang did not join them but migrated to the present site of Duke town. The Efik (Calabar) caste structure of Ekpe . Ethnographic - (Head crest, Ejagham People): Worn by a member of the Ekpe Society to intimidate and punish anyone who has broken tribal law. They give me thesum of $1,200,000 and many thing. She said as a member of the Ekpe Society of the Efiks, she participates in the Ekpe activities. [76] Palm wine is acquired by making an incision on the palm tree, a process known as "tapping". The Ekpo/Ekpe society is a significant part of the Ibibio political system. Plenty sugar cane live here and if some man must come for teach book proper, and make all men saby God like white man, and then we go on for same fashion. [42] K.K. Hope Waddell, Foreign commerce soon brought Calabar affairs into such a state, that the want of a bond of union among the different families, and of a supreme authority to enforce peace and order between equals and rivals, became apparent; and the Egbo institution was adopted. Another account from the Qua claimed that Ekpe (Mgbe) migrated from Cameroon. [32] Aye argues that the Efik could not have taken the royal emblem of the Uruan people as they would have already had their own royal emblem. JavaScript is disabled. Some of the musical instruments that are important in the culture we have discussed are: the bala (balaphon), a kind of xylophone, and the kora, a gourd harp. The nsibidi may convey meaning either singularly or in groups, and each sign may be figurative, geometric, or abstract, or may represent a physical object, concept, or narrative. Origin Nsibidi symbols which are indigenous to Igbo, Ibibio, Efik, Annang and Ekoi/Ejagham members of the Ekpe society. [47] At the time of their exit from Creek town, the reigning monarch of Creek town was their half brother Oku Atai Atai Ema Atai. [69] The society is divided into five main grades such as Nkanda, Oku akama, Nyamkpe, Okpoho and Ebonko. We thank you too much for what thing you come do for keep thing right. [77] Women wore a number of brass rings on their legs and arms. In Ekpe, he is a product of a dynasty of more than five Generations of Ekpe Sisikus, also known as Nfor Ngbe or Ekpe Chiefs. [27] A number of reasons have been given on why the Efik left Uruan. [51] When the twins were older, they left for the opposite end of the island to Duke town. Large amounts of pepper was also uncommon in Efik cuisines. While some explorers describe the Efik as travellers who past through the Ibibio country, others assert that the Efik are of Ibibio stock. . Historians and archaeologists have worked to piece together the human story from prehistory up to today. [59] Ekpe is first mentioned in the historical literature of Old Calabar in the 1770s. [49] Several events at Creek town later led to a wave of migration from Creek town to Duke town. "[29] Essien's criticism is supported by the fact that in some Efik trado-religious songs, Atakpor Uruan is greatly extolled. Oral tradition has it that the Efik arrived Uruan in four groups i.e. Due to the rise of Calabar as a commercial centre since the 18th century, Efik settlements experienced a high rate of inward migration consisting of Sierra Leoneans, Lebanese, Cameroonians, Jamaicans and several other communities. Internal details about the membership and brotherhood demands of this ancient group is supposedly a top secret known only to the members. [14], The name "Efik" translates to "Oppressors" and is derived from the Efik-Ibibio verb root "Fik" (English: Oppress). [32] Another theory states that there was a disagreement between an Efik woman known as Abasi and an Uruan woman. Imbued with transcendental aura, ukara conveys the sacrality and prestige of the Ekpe secret society. Iboku, Enwang, Usukakpa and Abayen. [19] Oku attests that it was the attack on the Efik that made them decide to leave Ikpa Ene as they realised they were still too close to their enemies. Colonial Anthropologist M.D.W. Efik traders played a major role during the era of the Transatlantic slave trade. You been do very proper for we, and now we want to keep proper mouth. (b) Analyze Cause and Effect: What events prevent their success? The three most popular theories include an Igbo origin, Ibibio origin and Palestinian origin. Ekpe masquerade mimic the form of a lion or leopard moves. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. When the threads are cut, the nsibidi designs stand out, white against a deep blue background. Other narratives at the Hart's enquiry do not make mention of the Efut. 4. The story of The River Between by Ngugi wa Thiong'o, takes place in _________________ (name of present-day country) in the mid 1800's. Posted on March 01, 2015 During the colonial era, The Efik language was the only language taught in schools in many parts of the present-day Cross River and Akwa Ibom state. Right now, Ekpe . ugly and deformed, but predicted to be the mother of a great king. The Efik also manufacture a number of beverages such as Mmn Efik (Palm wine), Uffp (Native gin), Lemon grass tea (Nnyannyaa), Mmn Eyop (Eyop wine). (Multiple Deaths at Ndodoghi creek, Ema Atai Ema Atai, Priest-king, lost his sight in death). [51] Due to the custom of killing twins, Edem Efiom is said to have aided Okoho Efiom in sneaking out of Creek town to Nsutana. We are about loving, encouraging, embracing, teaching, and building with black people. [47] On the founding of Obutong, Colonial anthropologist M.D.W. Speaking at the ceremony, the head of Ekpe of Afap village, Seseku Daniel Laluh said with Prof Ayuk's commitment in the village, the Ekpe society thought it necessary to confer him the Seseku. Social importance is attached to the highest ranks of Ekpe-men, called the Amama. One-word searches work best.Use AND to require multiple terms: LEFT Small ukara with minute patterned design and Omu Aro symbol. [44] On behalf of Ekpe-USA Leadership, I hereby remind every member of Ngbe who has taken the aoth that our fathers and great grand fathers took to uphold those sacred traditions and beliefs, to immediately start preparations to do what they must do to send our brother to join our ancestors. Abakua is an Afro-Cuban mens secret society related to the Ekpe. Mr. . Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the Ekpe" which literally means Lion, is a traditional secret society originated from the Ekoi tribe in Cross River State. [37] A captured invader confessed that they were set to retrieve royal emblems which they believed the Efik had taken with them when they left Uruan. For the surname, see, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Art and Life in Africa: Eket Information" University of Iowa, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekpe&oldid=1101939539, This page was last edited on 2 August 2022, at 15:27. In the culture we have discussed, the term fadenya refers to: the relationship between father and child, and half siblings - requiring self-assertion, independence, innovation, and competition. It is also found among a number of other ethnic groups, including the Bahumono of the Cross River State, the Ibibio, the Uruan and the Oron of Akwa Ibom State, Arochukwu and some other parts of Abia State, as well as in the diaspora, such as in Cuba and Brazil. Hope all is well. During weddings, the bride wears at least two different nyny. The Ogboni fraternity is said to have a strong affiliation to royalty, gerontological system of governance and the law enforcement of the community. Write the meaning in the blank. Lawino says that her husband's house is a "dark forest of _______________________". It is also used by the Igbo and Efik. Within Nigeria, the Efik can be found in the present-day Cross River State and Akwa Ibom state. The year 1841 marked the official signing of papers by Efik kings to stop the exportation of slaves from Old Calabar. Prior to the introduction of industrialised cubic-shaped seasonings such as maggi and know, Crayfish was used to make meals more spicy. Modern Efik society is a melting pot of people of diverse origin. [33][35] The Efik came to her defence and the dispute escalataed[34] Legend has it that this was the last straw that led to the Uruan-Efik war (known in Efik as Ek Abasi-Anwan) which led to the exit of the Efik from the Uruan country. [57] The diary of Antera Duke, an Efik, is the only surviving record from an African slave-trading house. Eye of the Needle - Ken Follett 2015-07-07 The worldwide phenomenon from the bestselling author of The Pillars of the Earth, World Ekpe members request nsibidi designs of personal or communal significance. [32] The Efik having pity on these men gave them food and showed them hospitality. [34], On leaving the Uruan country, the Efik migrated to Ikpa Ene which is nicknamed Akani Obio Efik(English: Old Efik island). [17] Some oral accounts by early Efik men also support the Igbo origin of the Efik. . The Efik speak the Efik language which is a member of the BenueCongo subfamily of the Niger-Congo language group. Nair dates the arrival of the Efik towards the end of the seventeenth century or the beginning of the eighteenth century. Many believe this groups village at present day Deir el-Medina was the original location where freemasonry began. Several theories have been propounded on the origin of the word. Ekpe Society Emblem, Ejaham, Cameroon Dog Fetish, Vili, Congo Mlbuya (sickness) mask, Pende, Zaire Nimba Mask, Baga, Guinea Picasso Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 (detail) Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 (detail) Bust of a Woman, 1931 Tte de taureau (Bull's Head), 1942 La chvre (The goat) 1950 Other references There are different narratives on the arrival of the Efik at Creek Town. No disrespect allowed. [53] Some of the kings have been identified in the past by Etubom Ukorebi Ukorebi Asuquo in Aye's Efik people. At Creek town, the Efik ruler was Efiom Ekpo Efiom Ekpo who had a number of children including Nsa Efiom, Edem Efiom, Okoho Efiom and Odo Efiom. Ekpe Efik was used as a government instrument in Bakassi in exercising authority for more than 200 years ago [4]. The origins of these symbols date way before colonization, but, from my understanding, the use of these symbols died out as the influence of Ekpe secret society lessened. [52] The breach of agreement to halt such practices was punished by blowing Ekpe on Obutong and forbidding funeral rites of the chief until the murderers were brought to justice. Festival organised by Global Music Exchange (ht. [23][24], The Oriental original is most popular among indigenous Efik historians such as E.U. [82] The name Itu ita translates to three manatees and is named because the masts of the ship resembled the manatee (Itu). The Ekpe society most likely originated among the Efik people of southern Nigeria and from there spread across other tribes and language groups in Southern Nigeria. In the Song of Ocol, Lawino's husband gives his side, arguing that: Ocol throws Lawino out of his house because: Ocol says that "__________________________ are chains around the neck, chains of slavery". [51] The Enwang people who were fishing at Duke town saw the twins approaching and fled in terror saying "Mbiomo oduk ine"(English: A curse has befalling our fishing sites). a warrior-hunter who, despite having been a cripple, becomes the founder of an empire. [26] At Uruan, they were ruled by a number of priest-kings Ndidem. The version of Sunjata we have read is not the only version because: No version was ever written down by a skilled jeli, since Mande traditional society considers any story written down to be "dead". The Ekpe is a secret society that lives mostly in Nigeria and whose members are typically law enforcers and politicians. [64] It took several years before the town was rebuilt.[64]. Sunjata's aunt, Tenenba Conde, childless herself, must raise the child Fakoli, son of Kosiya Kante, after Kosiya sacrifices herself for her brother's sake. During his research, Miller has identified many cultural links between Africa and the Americas, particularly between Cuba, Nigeria and Cameroon, which share a common heritage. Members are bound by oath of secrecy, and fees on entrance are payable. These are: the oral historians, kings' advisors, poets, and musicians whose power is the ability to manipulate words. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, in the southern part of Cross River State. [1] Ekpe members always wear masks when performing their police duties, and although individuals may nonetheless be recognized, fear of retribution from the ikan stops people from accusing those members who may overstep their limits. [52] A number of people were hanged, shot and buried with the late chief according to the custom. Ekpe Society 1st Conclave from Sept 16 to 17 2009, Ekpe DC Sessekou relaxing during the conclave, Ekpe Society members with Justice Hilman Egbe at a MECA DC meeting. by Web Services Editor. The tentative program is as follows: January 27th and 28th, 2012. In such cases, the Ekpe Society is seen as the . La communaut cubaine Abakudescendante des communauts fik Ekp et Ejagham gb du Sud Est du Nigria et du Sud Ouest du Camerouna t fonde la Havane dans les annes 1830 par des leaders capturs des villages de Cross River. Ivor Miller: The voice of the leopard is the main symbol of the Ekpe society of the Cross River region ofNigeria and Cameroon, which was re-created in colonial Cuba as the Abaku society. Infact; there can be no-gainsay of the USAK-EDET People (ISANGELE) being the originators of this highly acclaimed Ekpe Society that the EFIKS, led by EFFA EFFIWAT later on used in subduing their subjects of EFUTS, (i.e. James Beale Horton made a similar assertion in 1868 where he asserted that all the communities of the Niger-delta are traced to the Igbo. By the 18th and 19th centuries, the Efik strategy for filling the international demand for slaves was via obtaining slaves from inland slave traders such as Eniong, Ndokki and Arochukwu. [62][63] The first missionaries arrived in 1846. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, and western Cameroon. After the tapping process, the wine is left to ferment for five hours. Another account claimed that Efik people introduced the Ekpe between 1720 and 1729 during the initial migration of Calabar. society to its Caribbean incarnation, which has deeply influenced Cuba's creative energy and popular consciousness. [64] They insisted that Obutong be completely destroyed. [16] Baikie said Ibibio are traced to the Igbo. It proved to be the source of supreme authority in all Efik towns, and its institutions provided, in the past, the highest court whose verdicts transcended all else. My party of 4 spent $400 at Space 220 in Disney World. [67] As of 1877, Alexander Ross reported that thirteen towns in the Cameroon region speak Efik and had an aggregate population of about 22,000. The Ekpe Society is a religious and cultural institution among the Efik people, it can also be found among the Annang and the Ibibios. 2017). At least in the past, very large sums were paid to attain these upper levels. [8] The bulk of the Efik can be found in Calabar. Why do you think it is important for us to understand our past? One of the most important castes in this society is the jeli caste. Photo by Eli Bentor. Hood Quarterly, spring 2015 This exhibition examines the ukara cloth of the Ekpe secret society, a multi-ethnic all-male association in southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon, exploring both the longstanding cultural practice the cloth represents and the artistic process involved in its creation. Abaku is an Afro-Cuban men's initiatory fraternity, or secret society, which originated from the Ekpe society in the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Calabar. The society combines a kind of freemasonry with political and law enforcing aims. The images, ideology, and secrecy associated with kp have been studied for more than one hundred years, and yet crucial features of the history of kp and its transformation have been neglected. Unblock notifications in browser settings. The Ekpe was vested with the powers of policing and bringing justice to the Efik kingdom. [81] Black Spirituality / Religion - General Discussion, http://odinanilawsofnature.wordpress.com/2010/11/10/finding-god-in-nature/, http://tourismafricana.com/origin-history-ekpe-soceity.html. Group members would disguise themselves as leopards, wearing leopard skins, carrying claw-like weapons, and attacking their prey. LEFT Ezillo man drawing a grid pattern to be filled with nsibidi designs, Ezillo, southeastern Nigeria. In Cuba, the Ekoi are always evoked as early founders of the Abaku society,18 and their spirits are worshiped. It was worth every penny and made me feel like a kid again. Alcoholic content may be increased via adding the red bark of Edat (Sacoglottis gabonensis) to the wine. of Bamum, of Cameroon in his kingly attire seated on the throne with his chiefs flanked round him (Plate 2). [82] The Portuguese are said to have arrived in masted ships. Ikpaya is now worn by an Obong-elect during the traditional coronation ceremony. One account narrates that the Mbiabo group left first to their present location while the Iboku, Enwang and other clans were still at Ndodoghi. Another theory narrated by Chief Efiom Obo Effanga of Obutong asserts that Antia Ekot Otong founded Obutong. Efik society consists of various clans which were originally known as "Esien Efik itiaba" (English: Seven clans of Efik) and later known in the 21st century as "Esien Efik Duopeba" (English: Twelve clans of Efik). Copyright Dr. Ivor L. Miller. I'm still struggling to understand her choice. According to him . A reconsideration of kp and Abaku suggests an agenda for the study of kp in diaspora from a different perspective. [52] These atrocities angered the missionaries and European captains alike. Body art plays a major role in Ibibio art. an extraordinarily powerful woman, who can change herself into a buffalo, the proud oldest daughter of a king, who insists on being respected, enraged by her brother's refusal to give her the inheritance she feels she is owed, guilt-ridden for having killed many of her brother's people, and for having pushed her youngest sister too hard and too soon into magical power. In the traditional Soninke tale of "Gasire's Lute", the son of the king contributes tragically to the fall of his kingdom when he: becomes too impatient to become king himself, gets his own sons killed in battle, becomes a poet-bard rather than wait to become king, causes his own people to rebel against his desire to keep fighting. Written March 01, 2015 by Web Services Editor, Guarini School of Graduate & Advanced Studies, Copyright 2023 Trustees of Dartmouth College. The process of creating this richly symbolic cloth is laborious. Osirica brotherhood is the root of all the mason societies, dating back around 2300 B.C. . Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The persistence oftheAbakua society contradicts the official construction ofa Cuban national identity. ekpe society cameroon. History The Ekoi people, while all speaking the same language, have not tended to live in complete unison. Covering, concealing, and protecting their bodies, it functions as a physical metaphor for the ideological secrecy that the Ekpe society carefully constructs and guards. The Amama often appropriate hundreds of acres of palm trees for their own use and, with the profits they earn, ensure that their sons achieve comparable rank, which has the effect of limiting access to economic gain for other members of the community. Membership in the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society, for example, available to wealthy men who can meet the expense involved, confers high social status and political authority; these men participate in ceremonies concerned with ancestral spirits and are believed to protect the community through magic and religious ritual. [11] The last three clans had greatly dwindled in number and many of their members are believed to have been miscegenated into other Efik clans. clothing stores in columbia mall Nigeria and Cameroon (Lebialem and Manyu), Ekpe Society Resolutions from meeting held on September 16th 2011 in DC, Auto-Biography of Sisiku Emmanuel Ojong-Orock, Leader of Cameroonian Ekpe Lodge in Metropolitan DC. Today, it is no longer the same Ekpe society of decades ago. Updates? [45] internal dissensions and population expansion led to the movement of several families from Creek Town to Obutong, Atakpa, Nsidung and Ekoretonko. Although Duke town is believed to have been occupied since the 15th century by the Enwang, it was not until the 17th century that the Efiom Ekpo families moved in large waves to the site. [59] According to Rev. Efik names were often anglicised to gain the trust of European traders. This village was originally named Ta Set Maat. Meat and fish are the major sources of protein in Efik cuisines. Hall Fund. It described the religion, social, economic and political structures of the society as progressive and dynamic. Names such as Okon became Hogan, Orok became Duke, Akabom became Cobham, Ene became Henry, Asibong became Archibong. [40] They believed feasting on a human strengthened their bonds. Animals such as goats, chicken and dogs are consumed in Efik cuisine.
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