From then on, Soviet immigration dipped below 60,000 per year for the next few years, though a spike occurred in 1999 when 66,848 immigrants arrived in Israel. Slightly more than 20,000 people moved here in 1980, but in most years since, the number has fluctuated between 11,000 and 14,000. [2], In 1972, the USSR imposed a so-called "diploma tax" on would-be emigrants who had received higher education in the USSR. This measure was designed to combat the brain drain caused by the growing emigration of Soviet Jews and other members of the intelligentsia to the West. From then, emigrants who left the Soviet Union and its successor states after the fall of the Soviet Union were able to keep their assets, and those from successor states which allowed dual citizenship were able to retain their citizenship. Even with direct flights, it is not likely that all of the several hundred thousand people who have applied for Israeli visas will move here. By 1939, urban residents comprised 86.9 percent of the Jewish population, with a third of all Soviet Jews living in five cities (Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, Kharkov, and Odessa), each of which had a Jewish population of more than 100,000. 13:00 Approximately 148,000 more Soviet immigrants arrived in Israel in 1991. The nation is hard pressed to find housing and jobs, partly because of the economic troubles that the Palestinian uprising has helped to spawn. Bookstore Glossary Library Links News Publications Timeline Virtual Israel Experience. The Soviet authorities recognized and to an extent even legitimized the Jewish identity of the Western territories, especially those centers that still had sizable Jewish communities (Czernowitz [Chernivtsi], Kishinev, Riga, Vilnius, Uzhgorod), by permitting more Jews from these parts to emigrate to Israel, apparently because they feared that Jews might contaminate their non-Jewish neighbors with their nationalism. As a result, Israel is bracing for its greatest flow of immigrants since its early days of independence four decades ago. While the purges of the second half of the 1930s, the Great Terror, were not manifestly anti-Jewish, the number of Jewish victims was disproportionately high. [4] The majority of the immigrant wave were Ashkenazi Jews; however, a significant proportion were Mizrahi groups such as the Mountain Jews, Georgian Jews, and Bukharan Jews – with each ethnic group bringing its own distinctive culture to Israel. The emigration of young people, many of them the progeny of exogamous families, further intensified the shrinkage of the enlarged Jewish population. This causes problems when they wish to marry, as in Israel marriage arrangements for all religious communities are made by the relevant religious authorities, and in the case of Jewish citizens, only by Orthodox rabbis. Its social composition was to symbolize the new regime and its ideology. 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