Goshen, IN, and La Crosse, WI, discussed on this website, provide examples of places that have done so. The results showed the South and urban areas in the Northeast as the runaway leaders for racism. In a nutshell, the KKK was formed back in 1865, and there have been three separate movements, all three of which were supposedly purification movements in America. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Also, institutionalized persons (in prisons, hospitals, colleges, etc. Yeah, I definitely remember sundown towns being a thing throughout my early childhood in the 1980s . Renamed Hampton in 1909. It became such a hot topic that even Loewen weighed in on the show (just months before his death at age 79 in 2021). As Undercliff Borough. Faulkner Act (mayorcounciladministrator), List of census-designated places in New Jersey, "These N.J. communities saw explosive growth in the last decade. And would you happen to know if the town still has sundown ordinances on the books? Your service title . Renamed North Wildwood in 1906. After all, many of them considered enslaved people to be property, and they didnt want their property to get away from them. The term arose in the 20th century when towns would allow Black people to work in an area but not reside there. As Port Oram Borough. Know of a town that should be on this list? In a TikTok video, he explained that everybody he knew in Texas told him, Do not go to Vidor. But he had a load to deliver the next morning so he chugged through. Maybe you could name the towns not on the list. I so agree. Sundown towns were municipalities that prevented African-Americans or other minorities from lingering after dark. The term came from signs posted that "colored people . For example, one of the places listed is Culver City, which has probably been majority-minority for almost half a century. Renamed Edison in 1954. Historians have found that most sundown towns deliberately hid the means by which they became and remained all-white. As Passaic Township. Gibbsboro, Camden County. Shit I've been to one in modern times. Williams said, The cashier was like, You best not be around here after dark. Renamed Barnegat in 1977. City planners and real estate companies also used their power to make sure white communities remained white. Laws and policies that enforced racial exclusion have largely disappeared, but de facto sundown towns existed into the 1980s, and some may still be in evidence today. But they aren't anymore. Renamed Elmwood Park in 1973. If so, why would you say that I'm claiming to know about them as established fact. We equate these words with the Jim Crow South but, in a . Avon-by-the-Sea borough. Multiple sundown towns and counties appeared in Georgia during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The 1865-1870s movement sought to overthrow Republican state governments. The book "Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism," written by sociologist James W. Loewen, was originally published in 2005. What did you do when you were able to get to a safe space? Renamed Edgewater in 1899. As Long Beach City Borough. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Like most Northeastern states, all territories within New Jersey are incorporated. New Towns for America, C. S. Stein treats Radburn, New Jersey; "the Greens" Greenbelt, Maryland, near Washington, DC; Greenhills, Ohio, near Cincinnati; and Greendale, Wisconsin, southwest of Milwaukee, planned towns built by the FDR administration and several other planned communities, all sundown towns, without ever mentioning race. Reincorporated as a Borough in 1948. Because "legalities" of one generation can become outright hindrances to the next. Renamed Wharton in 1902. I'm happy it's off the list. As North Plainfield Township. These 'sundown towns' were places where, black Americans . Advertisement. Sundown towns are a part of our nation's history our somber history of discrimination and racial strife. High school graduation rate: 77%. Slavery had been abolished. James W. Loewen, Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism (New York: The New Press, 2005); Candacy Taylor, The Roots of Route 66, The Atlantic, November 3, 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/11/the-roots-of-route-66/506255/; Sundown Towns, Encyclopedia of Arkansas, https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/sundown-towns-3658/. But unfortunately, they often found that racism was still a major problem, even in the sophisticated urban cities of the North. But they had to be out after dark. Asundown townis not just a place where something racist happened. Paterson, New Jersey's third-largest city by population. Bilal Morris is the senior editor at NewsOne. In 1844, Oregon just banned Blacks from the state altogether. Reincorporated as a City in 1917. I didn't realize Ocoee, Florida was one - or that there are two others in Florida, Thank you for the information. Still the books keep coming; Amazon.com listed 209 for sale in 2005. These are places my Facebook friend's friend lives near. window.addEventListener( 'loadOrInteraction', function() { And he's definitely not a Ben Carson type. Follow @blogzworth Municipalities by County in New Jersey. He started at Radio One in 2010 as an Online Editor in Richmond, VA. Before his time at NewsOne, Bilal was the Regional Online Editor In Atlanta, GA. And some Black travelers and residents of these places maintain that sundown towns have never completely gone away. As a Township. Between the 1890s and the 1940s, Sundown Towns became a popular trend in Northern states. Perhaps thousands. Hate groups can be hard to measure, because typically, theres no record of where they exist. that have been ignored for many decades? Cities and Towns in Monmouth County, New Jersey, Cities and Towns in Middlesex County, New Jersey, Cities and Towns in Mercer County, New Jersey, Cities and Towns in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, Cities and Towns in Hudson County, New Jersey, Cities and Towns in Essex County, New Jersey, Cities and Towns in Morris County, New Jersey, Cities and Towns in Ocean County, New Jersey, Cities and Towns in Passaic County, New Jersey, Cities and Towns in Salem County, New Jersey, Cities and Towns in Somerset County, New Jersey, Cities and Towns in Sussex County, New Jersey. The sooner they can be declared null and void, then sent to town or state archives, the better. The ever-growing list of sundown towns became so long that a Black travel writer named Victor Green penned The Negro Motorist Green Book in response. Below is a chart which lists all cities in New Jersey with KKK organizations from 1915-1940. Loewen's book, "Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism," was first published in 2006, but he continues to investigate and identify former sundown towns today with the help of volunteers. Specifically, we analyzed research out of Virginia Commonwealth University that mapped the Klans in each area and gave a history of their recruitment from 1915-1940. If your research (or ours) convinces you that a town was a sundown town, consider helping it transcend its white supremacist past. In 2012 and 2013, our partnership resulted in two small exhibits . https://www.cityofwaterlooiowa.com/government/mayor/index.php, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocoee_massacre, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocoee,_Florida#Ocoee_massacre, https://sundown.tougaloo.edu/sundowntowns.php, https://pmatep5f7b.execute-api.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ProdStage. This is a sundown town. They dont just mentally exist. As Blacks began to migrate to other regions of the country, many predominantly white communities actively discouraged them from settling there. I distinctly remember the warning sign at the edge of town. Your donation is fully tax-deductible. A similar warning was issued in 2020 for San Antonio after a local group deemed the city a sundown town due to policing policies that they say put Black Lives in danger. Below, a Q&A with ProPublica Illinois reporter Logan Jaffe. The original map on the website let users navigate to a list of towns by state, but did not visually communicate the full extent of the data across the entire country. The first thing you need to know about sundown towns, and what Lovecraft Country gets right, is its not a Southern phenomenon, Loewen said. Sundown towns are just like any other towns in America, she told WBUR in an interview. The rise of sundown towns made it difficult and dangerous for Blacks to travel long distances by car. But sociologist James Loewen once estimated that there were as many as 10,000 sundown towns across the country at their peak in 1970. Archaeologists Just Uncovered How The City That Inspired The Biblical Sodom Was Destroyed, Inside Jimmy Carter's UFO Sighting In Georgia Just A Few Years Before He Became President, What Stephen Hawking Thinks Threatens Humankind The Most, 27 Raw Images Of When Punk Ruled New York, Join The All That's Interesting Weekly Dispatch. Renamed Tinton Falls in 1975. Eventually they let us go but, told us we had to leave or we'd be held in county. historical sundown towns. Arguably one of the most comprehensive books on the subject is James Loewen's 2005 Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism. Sundown Towns -- There Are Still 137 Sundown Towns Across 21 States. As South Atlantic City. As a Borough. A lot of the Californian ones are just plain wrong. By 2014, when racial conflict famously erupted there, it was 67% black, so it was certainly no longer a sundown town. Writers aren't always good public speakers, so I'll check out the book, too, for sure. Instead, we looked at the hard numbers from where KKK organizations have existed. Of course. Though protests against police brutality and white supremacy have mostly taken place in the City of Detroit, the suburbs are now beginning to grapple with th. Sundown Towns in Oregon, Spring 2019. Reincorporated as a City in 1858. Along the way, the characters reach a sundown town, where the white sheriff threatens them with lynching if they dont leave before sundown. Do you live in one of the most racist cities in New Jersey? The cities below are the places where there were Klans back in the day, and where the number of Klans per the current population is high. This category has only the following subcategory. In 1930, for instance, 44 of the 89 counties along the famed Route 66 from Chicago to Los Angeles featured no motels or restaurants and prohibited Blacks from entering after dark. As a Borough. As a Township. Elizabeth is New Jerseys fourth-largest city by population. A Historic Travel Guide to Jim Crow America. All white is in quotes because some towns allowed one black family to remain when they drove out the rest. No idea. We mourn the loss of our friend and colleague and remain committed to the work he began. At least it was before the mayfield tornado destroyed it. All people of colors should be out of town before sundown," said George Henderson, a Norman resident. Young white men sneer at civil rights activists as they travel from Montgomery, Alabama to Jackson, Mississippi on the famous Freedom Rides. That makes three crossed off the list, which probably existed before, I was really shocked to see some of the towns on list, Most if Southern Illinois was a Sundown area. }, 2000 ) } ); Usually, when we think about sunsets, we arent referring to pain and suffering. Some grow and become more tolerant, and just need ordinances expunged. It is airing on HBO. roseau county delinquent tax list; noonie jailbirds instagram. There are towns in America right now that are not safe for Black people after darkit is a sad truth. Fill up with gas at the border then cruise on the exact speed limit through the state. Reincorporated as a City in 1836. Answer (1 of 12): Vidor was a largely known area to be a racist area and is still very http://questionable.To say places like this no longer exist is very naive . Dont freak out. As Town of Brooklyn. Vienna would almost certainly fall into that category. Try keep it short so that it is easy for people to scan your page. By the 1900s sundown towns had stretched into communities from the southern shores of Georgia to the Great Plains west of the Mississippi River. The guide was published from 1936 to 1966, and at its height of popularity was used by two million people. They EXIST! Reconstruction catalyzed economic mobility for Black Americans. Vidor had a population of 11440, with .1% AA. It has an active KKK chapter. The term meant that if you were not white you had to be out of the town by nightfall or suffer the consequences. The page also features lists of sundown towns by state. As Beverly Township. There were a total of 32 cities with at least 1 Klavern in New Jersey during the time period of reference. Sundown towns, on the other hand, continue to this day. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. H. Hoboken, New Jersey; W. Willingboro Township, New Jersey This page was last edited on 1 October 2021, at 03:30 (UTC). "It's 2022 and there are still Sundown towns in America. You've accused the democratic governor of California in being complicit in this, back it up with your sources, other than Wikipedia articles that disprove your point. Trenton, the state's capital, ranks 6th in terms of population. Every time I walk around, eyes are on me.. As New Shrewsbury Borough. Newark, the largest city by population in New Jersey. As Upper Penns Neck Township. Entire fucking time he has his gun pointed at us. Being a millennial living in Texas its been within my life time that I can remember seeing signs as a child and asking what that meant. Click the image of this Sundown Town sign to visit the website of James Loewen and his research on Sundown Towns across the country. Others, unknown, could also be checked out. A town may have been sundown once, but now is not. Renamed Cape May in 1869. Pomona isn't on there, but Cherry Hill, New Jersey, where my father used to live, is. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. With the popularization of the automobile, Black drivers were eager to explore more of the United States and find the best place to settle down, or at least visit as a guest. The largest municipality by population in New Jersey is Newark with 311,549 residents whereas the smallest is Walpack Township with 7 residents.[3]. No, it's not off the list. New Jersey has 565 municipalities. In 1936 he created The Negro Travelers Green Book. It's been about 5 years, and the OMA was delighted to collaborate once again with Professor Jean Moule on her course Sundown Towns in Oregon, based on the book Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism by James W. Loewen. A Black truck driver named Gideon recently had an experience in a sundown town when he was delivering a load in Vidor, Texas. Ugh. The current headquarters for the klan is in Dawson springs. I know four sundown towns in IL exist for a fact; so no, the list isn't bogus. Woouldn't surprise me if it still had one. Renamed Roosevelt in 1945. Then, learn about the racist origins of Oregon. Swipe left for slideshow. The site shows the sheer number of possible sundown towns in every state in the union. How about I just continue to live happily with my black neighbors who are as welcome here. Sundown towns, or grey towns, were all-white neighborhoods in the United States that used discriminatory local laws, intimidation, or violence to keep their town all-white. In 1759, His Majestys province of New-Hampshire passed a stipulation that forbade the nighttime travel of non-white residents, under the pretext of preventing disorders at night: Whereas great disorders, insolencies, and burglaries are oft times raised and committed in the night time by Indian, Negro, and Molatto servants and slaves to the disquiet and hurt of her Majestys good subjects No Indian, Negro, or Molatto servant or slave, may presume to absent from the families where they respectively belong, or be found abroad in the night time after nine oclock; unless it be upon errand for their respective masters or owners.. Artwork by Brian Britigan. Renamed Margate City in 1909. Local cities also enacted laws to keep blacks out of their city. They're down now, but in too many towns that hate lives on. Sundown towns in the United States by state, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Sundown_towns_in_the_United_States&oldid=1097306229, This page was last edited on 9 July 2022, at 23:35. To further illustrate this phenomenon, Loewen joined forces with students at Tougaloo College to put together an interactive map of known sundown towns in the United States. We use data, analytics, and a sense of humor to determine the dirt on places across the country. Ferguson, MO, was a sundown town between 1940 and 1960. Before he arrived to drop off his load he describes seeing, a doll of a Black man wrapped in a Confederate flag hanging from a tree by his neck.. On the map, a swath of red, indicating much more racist than average, covers all of southern New . Sundown towns in the United States. Gideon didnt stop until he got to Beaumont but was still so scared that he slept with his rifle that night. It's about not allowing any laws to remain on the books as cover for local LEO's, really. This time period would eventually become known as the Jim Crow era. Location: New Jersey [This list is a work in progress. Virginia Commonwealth University that mapped the Klans, These Are The 10 Most Ghetto Cities In New Jersey, These Are The 10 Worst Places To Live In New Jersey, These Are The 10 Most Boring Places In New Jersey, These Are The 10 Most Dangerous Cities In New Jersey. This list may not reflect recent changes. As Fanwood Township. Renamed Lawrence in 1816. Renamed Maplewood in 1922. Waffle House rank: 33rd in Pennsylvania. African American History: Research Guides & Websites, Global African History: Research Guides & Websites, African American Scientists and Technicians of the Manhattan Project, Envoys, Diplomatic Ministers, & Ambassadors, Racial Conflict - Segregation/Integration, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/11/the-roots-of-route-66/506255/, https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/sundown-towns-3658/, Foundation, Organization, and Corporate Supporters. Pine Beach is one of only a handful of towns on this list that has gained population, with a 4 percent increase from 2007-2011. You can assess the information provided to form your own determination as to whether the town is a confirmed sundown town. Do you live near them? He has also worked at iHeartRadio in New York City. Camden is the largest city in South Jersey. I like the idea of any local law or ordinance becoming void if unenforced for a period. The result is the following list of the most racist cities in the Garden State: Read on below to see how we crunched the numbers and how Waretown end up as the most racist place in New Jersey. As Madison Township. Also note: some towns are * 'd. They are not suspected sundown towns but are listed for other . sundown town, also called sunset town, in U.S. history, a town that excluded nonwhite peoplemost frequently African Americansfrom remaining in town after sunset. In his book, Loewen profiles three Indiana towns; Elwood, Huntington and Martinsville. 1950's Sundowning. Give them the option of reaffirming it (essentially passing it again) if they still want it. Police officers routinely drive African-Americans to the outskirts of the city and tell them to leave. 2001 - 2023 Democratic Underground, LLC. Not surprising, but still horrifying nonetheless. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. I don't want you to think that I'm downplaying the existence of sundown towns. As Lower Penns Neck Township. As Delford Borough. Now that youve read all about sundown towns, take a look at Chicagos chilling history of racism. Also, make sure that descriptions of the town in state encyclopedias, Wikipedia, etc., acknowledge that it was a sundown town.]. Seriously - as of the early 2000s it was still considered a sundown town. As South Belmar Borough. Why would I tell you what to do. He also specializes in SEO and evergreen content. Vidor has been known for many thingsamong them the activities of the local Ku Klux Klan; its status as a sundown town, in which blacks were not allowed in city limits after dark; and an ugly fight in the early nineties over a federal effort to desegregate public housing in the city, which caused Texas Monthly, in a cover story that year, to describe Vidor as Texass most hate-filled town. The census estimates it to be 91 percent white. Tempe Arizona was one as well, but has been integrated since the 60s. As Franklin Township. They also wanted an escape from the harsh Jim Crow laws in the south. Renamed Alloway in 1884. She will release "In Living Color: A Cultural History" on Rowman & Littlefield Press in April 2022, and "The Golden Girls: A Cultural History" on Rowman & Littlefield Press in October 2022. Despite discussion of this connection (see especially Loewen 2005), research has yet to address the link This category lists populated places in the United States that at any point practiced a form of segregation known as a sundown town. This has a more extensive list of towns that are or were sundown towns. Jersey City is the second-largest city by population in New Jersey. If you have additional information, pro or con, please email it to us. We have plenty of racists in this state; a lot of them out Spokanistan way. The racial makeup of Culver City was 23,450 (60.3%) White,[54] 3,694 (9.5%) African American, 191 (0.5%) Native American, 5,742 (14.8%) Asian, 81 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 3,364 (8.7%) from other races, and 2,361 (6.1%) from two or more races. In the 1940s, Edmond, Oklahoma promoted itself on postcards with the slogan, A Good Place to LiveNo Negroes. The town of Mena, Arkansas advertised its many charms: Cool Summers, Mild Winters, No Blizzards, No Negroes. In other cases, the policy was enforced through less formal norms and sanctions. For a time, Cullman and Arab were considered sundown towns. Ferguson, MO, was a sundown town between 1940 and 1960. History and Social Justice Website Copyright 2023, Using Lies My Teacher Told Me and Teaching What Really Happened, Resources for Teaching with Lies My Teacher Told Me, Teachers Corner: Teaching with Lies My Teacher Told Me, Contact Jim Loewen to Speak to Your Group, Causing Change With Lies My Teacher Told Me, Works Inspired or Influenced by Lies My Teacher Told Me, Useful Quotations about History and Social Justice, Native American Issues, Including the Explorers, Teaching Slavery, the Civil War, and Reconstruction, Civil Rights Movement to Modern Times: c. 1945 Now, Alphabetical Map of Sundown Towns by State, How to Research and Teach About Sundown Towns, Using Research Information to Help a Sundown Town Overcome Its Past, Loewens Work on Standardized Testing Used by Others, Embarrassing Questions about Standardized Tests. Artwork by Brian Britigan. The page also features lists of sundown towns by state. I always knew I grew up in a pretty racist area, but I went through the list of TX sundown towns on this map and there were 10 within a 30 mile radius of my hometown. Its real strange and weird out here sometimes, said Nicholas Lewis, a Black resident of Vienna, Illinois. Renamed Toms River in 2006. Reincorporated as a Town in 1903. She is also the author of The Uprising Series and is the CEO of G-Force Marketing & Publicity, which has been featured in The Hollywood Reporter and has obtained film, television, radio, and print placements for blue-chip clients all over the world. He found them outside Los Angeles, in midwestern farming villages and in New England summer towns. Blacks, however, were still determined to make a way for themselves. HBOA still from HBOs horror drama TV series Lovecraft Country. New York: New Press . In Duluth, Minnesota, three Black circus performers were kidnapped from a local jail by a white mob, beaten on the street, and hanged from a telephone pole in 1920. !function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],p=/^http:/.test(d.location)? I thought the same thing when I saw the university. @blogzworth. The most populous city is Newark, which has an estimated population of 281,944 in 2017. Victor Hugo Green, a Black postman from Harlem, NY set out to change the fate of millions of Blacks looking for safe passage to better lands. You're the one making the assertion that the LA suburbs are sundown towns. Whites who believed that Blacks shouldnt be allowed to prosper resented everything about Reconstruction and the way to combat that was to make sure Blacks were intimidated and scared to live in or around the white communities. Reincorporated as a City in 1917. As Upper Alloways Creek Township. The Chicago suburb of Cicero was one of the most infamous sundown towns to ever exist in Illinois. This report is an analysis of the locations of historic KKK organizations divided by the number of people who currently live there. These communities were known as sundown towns both to residents and those passing through. As Ocean Beach Borough. "They're all over the place . So I kept digging. Most African-American-owned buildings and residences in northern Ocoee were burned to the ground. [12][13] In 2018, the city commission issued a proclamation formally acknowledging the massacre and declaring that Ocoee is no longer a sundown town. Wikimedia CommonsThe Negro Motorist Green Book was developed specifically for helping Black people find a list of places where theyd be welcome in the 1930s because so many sundown towns existed in the U.S. at that time. I grew up/lived north of Marshall County and the rumor was that the Klan was alive and well there still to this day. For much of the 20th century, thousands of all-white American towns forbade Black people from being within the city limits after nightfall. In its most blatant form, signs were posted at the city limits. The earliest record of legal restrictions on the nighttime activities of Black people dates back to the 1714 . Sundown towns are communities in which Black people were not welcome. It is an entire community (or even county) that for decades was all white on purpose. As Saddle River Township. Not the whole list. The brutality of the scene combined with the popularity of the show sparked discussions on Twitter about how sundown towns still exist in some form in modern times. Renamed Hazlet in 1967. He remembers Martinsville, Indiana as an unfriendly place. As New Providence Township. But other towns did not. For decades, these communities either explicitly or implicitly let Black people know they were not welcome there. As Jersey Homesteads Borough. In a provocative, sweeping analysis of American residential patterns, Loewen uncovers the thousands of "sundown towns"almost exclusively white towns where it was an . I saw that OH's sundown towns are not south but center, nearer to IN, KY, PA along major interstates. Her work has been featured in People, Teen Vogue, BET, HipHopDX, XXL Magazine, The Source, Vibe, The Los Angeles Times, and more. By the end of the Reconstruction era, sundown towns had popped up all over the country, particularly in the Midwest. ' The young hiker continued, I dont think she was being racist toward me. They called it Sundown Towns, and if you were not white, you were not safe and could have ended up dead. Theyre all over the place. And yet, they seem to be hidden in plain sight. As a Town. According to the 2020 United States Census, New Jersey is the 11th most populous state with 9,288,994 inhabitants but the 5th smallest by land area spanning 7,354.76 square miles (19,048.7km2). Few years ago me and some friends were passing through some small Mississippi town. ), live-in servants (in white households), and black or interracial children (in white households) do not violate the taboo. setTimeout( function() { And you only undermine your own point by insisting they are because SOME sundown towns do exist And no, I don't undermine anything about the majority of towns on Wikipedia's list. So most people assume it was the South that was the problem, but that really wasnt the case.. In Arbery's death, an echo of the 'sundown towns' that banned and threatened Black people. The south, central, and northeast parts of the state have a humid subtropical climate, while the . Well Hoboken is only 3.5% black whereas Jersey City is 25% black, so the numbers paint a bleak picture. There were thousands of these sundown communities and most of them were predominant in the Midwest, in the West, and in the North, she said. However, like some other "recovering" sundown towns, it still displayed "second generation sundown town problems", in this case an overwhelmingly white police force . It's by no means a complete list, but this map of sundown towns is perhaps the most accurate picture of their overwhelming presence. I looked over the locations in Ohio when the thread about the close polls came up, just to see if Trumpers were located mostly in the southern end of the state. OK, I live in one of those towns and I have plenty of black neighbors who live here too. As Anglesea Borough. Interactive map of municipalities in New Jersey. Meaning, the number of racist members of the community has historically been the highest, according to the math. Reincorporated as a City in 1867. During the Great Migration, more than 6 million Black people moved from the South to the North, Midwest, and West from 1916 to 1970. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. Renamed Delanco in 1926.