public broadcasting in the united states quizlet

Children's Television Programming This network which replaced the Ford Foundation-backed National Educational Radio Network is colloquially though inaccurately conflated with public radio as a whole, when in fact "public radio" includes many organizations. https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/how-comment, https://www.fcc.gov/media/radio/digital-radio, https://www.fcc.gov/media/television/broadcast-television-license-renewal for television, https:www.fcc.gov/media/radio/broadcast-radio-license-renewal, https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/filing-informal-complaint, https://www.fcc.gov/proceedings-actions/daily-digest, https://www.fcc.gov/media/policy/political-programming, https://consumercomplaints.fcc.gov/hc/en-us. Loud Commercials As discussed further in this Manual, broadcast licensees must periodically make available detailed information about the programming they air to meet the needs and problems of their communities, which can be found in each stations public file. Noncommercial educational stations may acknowledge contributions over the air, but they may not broadcast commercials or otherwise promote the goods and services of for-profit donors or underwriters. How to Resolve Blanketing Interference ProblemsOther Interference IssuesThe Local Public Inspection File POLS 101 Quiz #9 Flashcards | Quizlet PBS' incorporation coincided with the merger of NET's New York City station, Newark, New Jersey-licensed WNDT (which became WNET), into National Educational Television, the impetus of which was to continue receiving funding by Ford and the CPB. public broadcasting in the united states quizlet One of those is the Media Bureau, which has day-to-day responsibility for developing, recommending, and administering the rules governing the media, including radio and television stations. Email: radioinfo@fcc.gov, If your question relates to a television station: If your location is close to a radio station's transmitting antenna, then you may experience impaired reception of other stations. Complaints about interference involving radio stations are handled by the Media Bureaus Audio Division. The Commission recognizes that, under our Constitution, people must be free to say things that the majority may abhor, not only what most people may find tolerable or congenial. We can: You can find information about how to file comments in our rulemaking proceedings by selecting https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/how-comment. Sponsorship Identification The fastest and easiest way to file a complaint on this or any other broadcast issue is to go to the FCCs complaint page at https://consumercomplaints.fcc.gov/hc/en-us. Display of Internet Website Addresses Licensees are responsible for selecting their entertainment programming, as well as programs concerning local issues, news, public affairs, religion, sports events, and other subjects. Rules The Public and Broadcasting Manual From 1948 to 2013, foreign-targeted broadcasts, many of which were intended as propaganda, were barred from U.S. audiences because of the SmithMundt Act, a restriction that has since been lifted. The legislation established the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), a private entity that is charged with facilitating programming diversity among public broadcasters, the development and expansion of non-commercial broadcasting, and providing funding to local stations to help them create programs; the CPB receives funding earmarked by the federal government as well as through public and private donations. Golden Age of American radio, period lasting roughly from 1930 through the 1940s, when the medium of commercial broadcast radio grew into the fabric of daily life in the United States, providing news and entertainment to a country struggling with economic depression and war. Except for certain classes of political advertisements, station licensees have full discretion to accept or reject any advertising. Noncommercial stations are not entitled to compensation in return for carriage on a cable or satellite system, but they may request mandatory carriage on the system. Once the FCC grants the application, the permittee becomes a licensee, which authorizes the new licensee to operate for a stated period of time, up to eight years. How to Resolve Blanketing Interference Problems. public broadcasting in the united states quizlet If this phenomenon does occur with a television station, the Media Bureaus Video Division will handle complaints on a case-by-case basis, subject to the radio guidelines noted below. Such underwriting may only issue declarative statements (including slogans) and may not include "calls to action" (i.e., the station cannot give out prices, comparative statements, or anything that would persuade the listener to patronize the sponsor). Offensive Advertising. Ownership Reports and Related Material FCC Regulation of Broadcast Radio and Television, Commercial and Noncommercial Educational Stations, Applications to Build New Stations; Length of License Period, Public Participation in the Licensing Process, Criticism, Ridicule, and Humor Concerning Individuals, Groups, and Institutions, Political Broadcasting: Candidates for Public Office, Programming Inciting "Imminent Lawless Action", Obscene, Indecent, or Profane Programming, How to File an Obscenity, Indecency, or Profanity Complaint, Educational and Informational Programming, Apparatus Requirements for Emergency Information and Video Description, Business Practices, Advertising Rates, and Profits, Employment Discrimination and Equal Employment Opportunity ("EEO"), Underwriting Announcements on Noncommercial Educational Stations, How to Resolve Blanketing Interference Problems, Requirement to Maintain a Public Inspection File, Children's Television Programming Reports, Material Relating to an FCC Investigation or Complaint, Donor Lists for Non-Commercial Educational Channels ("NCEs"), Records Concerning Children's Programming Commercial Limits, Must-Carry or Retransmission Consent Elections, Class A TV Continuing Eligibility Documentation, Sponsorship Identification - Political Matter and Controversial Issues of Public Importance, Information on Third-Party Fundraising by NCE stations. Local Public Notice Announcements Stations must also comply with the Communications Act, the Commissions rules, and the terms of the station's license. These reports must be filed electronically with the FCC annually and placed in each stations online public inspection file, which can be viewed on the FCCs website at https://publicfiles.fcc.gov. Audio Description. Once the application is received, the FCC will issue a Public Notice and begin a 30-day period during which petitions to deny the application can be filed. Obscene Material. The limitations on NCE stations are discussed further in this Manual. During the late nineteenth century, the equal protection clause was severely limited in scope by the Supreme Court. Please be aware that we can only act on allegations that a station has violated a provision of the Communications Act or the FCC's rules or policies. Between the call letters and its community, the station may insert the name of the licensee, the stations channel number, and/or its frequency. "Affective intelligence" refers to the fact that individuals will often quickly form opinions in response to current events by using their emotions as a guide. The trend in concentration of traditional media ownership occurred in large part due to the relaxation of government regulations in the 1980's and the 1990's. Donor Lists for Non-Commercial Educational Channels ("NCEs") The Federal Trade Commission has primary responsibility for determining whether an advertisement is false or deceptive and for taking action against the sponsor. The Food and Drug Administration has primary responsibility for the safety of food and drug products. Libertarianism is a political ideology that emphasizes freedom and voluntary association with small government. The station conducting the contest must disclose material terms either through periodic disclosures broadcast on the station, or written disclosures on the stations Internet website, the licensees website, or if neither the individual station nor the licensee has its own website, any Internet website that is publicly accessible. FCC Regulation of Broadcast Radio and TelevisionThe Licensing of TV and Radio Stations Contents of the File In the case of advertisements for commercial products or services, it is sufficient for a station to announce the sponsor's corporate or trade name, or the name of the sponsor's product (where it is clear that the mention of the product constitutes a sponsorship identification). Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. An average person, applying contemporary community standards, must find that the material, as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest; The material must depict or describe, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by applicable law; and. Requirement to Maintain a Public Inspection File As required by the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010, the FCC has adopted rules to require some, but not all, television programs to include audio description. The amount of cash in the petty cash fund is now $294\$294$294. At the outset, the policy is designed to provide protection from interference for individuals within a certain distance from a station (in an area known as the stations blanketing contour) and only involving electronic devices that pick up an over-the-air signal from a broadcast radio or television station. Email: tvinfo@fcc.gov. The Federal Trade Commission has primary responsibility for determining whether an advertisement is false or deceptive and for taking action against the sponsor. The emergency information may be closed captioned or presented through an alternative method of visual presentation. The public file is an excellent resource to gauge a stations performance of its obligations as a Commission licensee. Large media conglomerates own approximately ________ percent of daily newspapers. If a station airs a disclaimer before the broadcast that clearly characterizes the program as fiction and the disclaimer is presented in a reasonable manner under the circumstances, the program is presumed not to pose foreseeable public harm. Lowest Unit Charge Time Brokerage Agreements Public broadcasting in the United States is not essentially a public service broadcaster, although it sometimes acts as one. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. This file must contain all requests for specific schedules of advertising time by candidates and certain issue advertisers, as well as the final dispositions or "deals" agreed to by the broadcaster and the advertiser in response to any requests. However, the advertising of smoking accessories, cigars, pipes, pipe tobacco, or cigarette-making machines is not prohibited. Letters to station and network officials keep them informed about audience needs and interests, as well as on public opinion on specific material and practices. This requirement is grounded in the principle that members of the public should know who is trying to persuade them with the programming being aired. Station licensees, as the trustees of the publics airwaves, must use the broadcast medium to serve the public interest. The FCC and Freedom of Speech Petitions to deny the application must be filed by the first day of the last full calendar month before the expiring license term. The first public radio network in the United States was founded in 1949 in Berkeley, California, as station KPFA, which became and remains the flagship station for a national network called Pacifica Radio. In international affairs, conservation has come to mean support for military intervention and the maintenance of American military power. In light of the First Amendment and Section 326 of the Communications Act, we do not substitute our judgment for that of the licensee, nor do we advise stations on artistic standards, format, grammar, or the quality of their programming. Our role in overseeing program content is very limited. Display of Internet Website Addresses. Each licensee, regardless of size, must file an FCC Form 396 EEO Program Report with its license renewal application. It was foreseeable that broadcasting the false information would cause such harm. In recognition of the vital role that broadcasting plays in the electoral process, the Communications Act and the Commissions rules impose specific obligations on broadcasters regarding political advertising. While the details about public sources of revenue were unavailable for this analysis, NewsHour did provide information about its breakdown of nonpublic funding. Big Three (American television) - Wikipedia Reasonable Access Explain the difference between compliance and conformity. How the FCC Adopts Rules Many types of contests, depending on their particulars, also are covered under this definition. Of the 354 PBS members currently operating as of 2017[update] (which account for 97% of the 365 public television stations in the U.S.), roughly half belong to one of 40 state or regional networks, which carry programming fed by a parent station to a network of satellite transmitters throughout the entirety or a sub-region of an individual state; this model is also used by some public radio station groups (mainly those co-owned with a PBS member network). Violent Programming. In April 2007, the Commission delivered a Report to Congress recommending that the industry voluntarily commit to reducing the amount of this programming viewed by children. The "peculiar institution" was a phrase used by southerners describe What was the result of the Compromise of 1877? [17] Cultural Native American and Mexican American music and programming are also featured regionally. During the 1940's and 1950's, who was the head lawyer for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund? The Commission often receives complaints concerning broadcast journalism, such as allegations that stations have aired inaccurate or one-sided news reports or comments, covered stories inadequately, or overly dramatized the events that they cover. There are some restrictions on the material that a licensee can broadcast. Broadcast Journalism All Class A television stations began operating digitally in 2015. The statute and FCC rules list a number of exceptions to this prohibition, principally advertisements for: In 1999, the Supreme Court held that the prohibition on broadcasting advertisements for lawful casino gambling could not constitutionally be applied to truthful advertisements broadcast by radio or television stations licensed in states where gambling is legal. For similar complaints received after the first year of operation, although the station is not financially responsible for resolving the complaint, it must provide effective technical assistance to the complaining party. Programming Inciting "Imminent Lawless Action" Licensee Discretion Objectionable Programming. Lotteries conducted by a state acting under the authority of state law, when the advertisement or information is broadcast by a radio or TV station licensed to a location in that state or in any other state that conducts such a lottery; Gambling conducted by an Indian Tribe under the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act; Lotteries authorized or not otherwise prohibited by the state in which they are conducted, and that are conducted by a not-for-profit organization or a governmental organization; and. Political Broadcasting: Candidates for Public Office. This procedure is discussed earlier in this Manual. Shared Services Agreements The Public and Broadcasting Manual Children's Television Programming Reports Citizen Agreements Political File Material Relating to an FCC Investigation or Complaint Issues/Programs Lists Donor Lists for Non-Commercial Educational Channels ("NCEs") Records Concerning Children's Programming Commercial Limits Local Public Notice Announcements This act provided basic assumptions that have continued to underpin broadcasting policy in the United States to this day. All television sets with screens 13 inches or larger manufactured since mid-1993, including digital sets, have built-in decoder circuitry. The ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) established the "separate but equal" rule. Subliminal ProgrammingBlanketing Interference KPFA gave away free FM radios to build a listener base and to encourage listeners to "subscribe" (support the station directly with donations). In addition to (or instead of) filing a complaint, you can file a petition to deny or an informal objection to an application that a station licensee has filed, such as a license renewal application. The term public opinion is used to describe. Support for freedom of speech, a free internet, and the press is higher in the United States than in most other countries in the world. (This includes listeners of NPR programming as well as original or other syndicated content aired on these stations.). It may also include any additional community or communities, as long as it first names the community to which it is licensed by the FCC. a test used by the Supreme Court that places the burden of proof on the government rather than on the challengers to show that the law in question is constitutional. The FCC also requires television stations to make the local emergency information that they provide to viewers accessible to persons with disabilities. When it launched in October 1970, PBS assumed many of the functions of its predecessor, National Educational Television (NET). However, religious stations are permitted to require that some or all of their employees meet a religious qualification. The U.S. government operates some limited direct broadcasting services, but all are either highly specialized (and, since the dawn of the millennium, automated) information services (WWV/WWVH time service, NOAA Weather Radio) or targeted at foreign audiences like Voice of America. Contest descriptions may not be false, misleading, or deceptive with respect to any material term. The Food and Drug Administration has primary responsibility for the safety of food and drug products. The FCC requires all licensees of radio and TV stations afford equal opportunity in employment. Similarly, if the emergency information is presented visually, it must be made accessible for persons who are blind or visually impaired. In the United States, other than a few direct services, public broadcasting is almost entirely decentralized and is not operated by the government, but does receive some government support. The Supreme Court ruled in Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) that racially restrictive covenants on housing could not be enforced by courts. Comments/Complaints to FCCBroadcast Information Specialists. In terms of providing culture of all kinds (e.g., drama, music), education, news, current affairs, programming for children, and documentaries, PSB was remarkably successful. Employment Discrimination and Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO). High-minded anxieties did little to thwart the public's embrace of broadcasting. Other Broadcast Content Regulation Digital subscription models in which people pay to access news content has proven to be a profitable approach for many elite, national newspapers but not for smaller or mid-sized local newspapers. However, if you are offended by a stations programming, we urge you to make your concerns known in writing to the station licensee. Profane material also is protected by the First Amendment so its broadcast cannot be outlawed entirely. We have created contact points at the Commission, accessible via toll-free telephone numbers or over the Internet, dedicated to providing information to members of the public regarding how they can become involved in the Commissions processes. The act established a CPB governing board to be appointed by the president of the United States and confirmed by the U.S. Senate. Which of the following is an example of a public broadcasting organization? NPR also receives some direct funding from private donors, foundations, and from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. Information and translations of public broadcasting in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. About 26.1 million average weekly listeners tuned in to NPR programming during the year, down from 28.0 million in 2019, according to internal data provided by the organization. Educational and Informational. The Constitutions protection of free speech includes programming that may be objectionable to many viewers or listeners. Which was the first state to allow women to vote? 9050 Junction Drive Revised September 2021 A PDF version of this document is available HERE. Obscene, Indecent, or Profane Programming PBS and American Public Television (formerly Eastern Educational Television Network) distribute television programs to a nationwide system of independently owned and operated television stations (some having the term "PBS" in their branding) supported largely by state and federal governments as well as viewer support (including from pledge drives that many public television outlets carry for two- to three-week periods at least twice per year, at dates that vary depending on the station or regional network), with commercial underwriters donating to specific programs and receiving a short thanks for their contributions. To implement the CTAs educational and informational programming mandate, the Commission has adopted a core programming processing guideline that applies to commercial and noncommercial educational television licensees. These requirements also apply to video clips that a video programming provider or distributor posts on its website or application, if the provider or distributor showed the video clip on television with captions. (American Public Media, which has provided data for this sheet in the past, did not do so this year.) The more specific your complaint is, the easier it is for us and any station involved to identify and resolve the interference problem. The Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 chartered a new national, but theoretically nongovernmental, agencythe Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB). Independent services include Create, an American Public Television-operated network featuring how-to, home and garden, cooking and travel programs; MHz Worldview, a network owned by MHz Networks, which carries international dramatic series (particularly crime drama), news programs and documentaries; and World, a joint venture of American Public Television, WNET, the WGBH Educational Foundation and the National Educational Telecommunications Association that broadcasts science, nature, news, public affairs and documentary programs. Television commercials must have the same average volume as the programs they accompany. Specifically, acknowledgements may not contain comparative or qualitative descriptions, price information, calls to action, or inducements to buy, sell, rent, or lease. Most communities also have public-access television channels on local cable television systems, which are generally paid for by cable television franchise fees and sometimes supported in part through citizen donations. American public broadcasting is not a unified structure, but an ad hoc assemblage of stations united both by the fluctuating patronage of the institutions that . A program is considered specifically designed to serve the educational and information needs of children if: it is aired between the hours of 6 a.m. and 10 p.m.; it is a regularly scheduled weekly program, except that a licensee may air a limited amount of programming that is not regularly scheduled on a weekly basis, including educational specials and regularly scheduled non-weekly programming, and have that programming count as Core Programming, as described in the Core Programming guidelines. News media in the United States - Wikipedia Political Science Exam 2 Flashcards | Quizlet Information on Third-Party Fundraising by NCE stations Comments or Complaints About a Station Which of the following news sources reaches the MOST Americans? Educational and Informational Programming We do not license TV or radio networks (such as CBS, NBC, ABC or Fox) or other organizations that stations have relationships with, such as PBS or NPR, except if those entities are also station licensees. Networks, broadcasters, and subscription TV systems may provide information about the availability of programs with audio description through their websites and in program guides. The practice of training reporters to produce a standardized, seemingly neutral news product was the result of the newspaper industry's realization that the best way to make a profit was to not alienate potential readers who held liberal or conservative political views. [16] Since the creation of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Pacifica has sometimes received CPB support. In addition, effective technical assistance also includes recommending replacement equipment that would work better in high radio frequency fields. This assistance entails providing specific details about proper corrective measures to resolve the blanketing interference. Some program guides may use the symbol (D) to indicate that the program is audio described. Low power television and television translator stations were required to complete their transition to digital by July 31, 2021. Indecent material is protected by the First Amendment, so its broadcast cannot constitutionally be prohibited at all times. Eventually, LMS will replace CDBS for radio. ), The top 20 NPR-affiliated public radio stations (by listenership) had on average a total weekly listenership of about 9 million in 2020, down 9% from 2019. Unless a broadcast advertisement is found to be in violation of a specific law or rule, the government cannot take action against it. The Commissions home page (www.fcc.gov) contains additional information about the FCCs rules, current FCC proceedings, and other issues. Rather, a petition to deny or informal objection against a stations license renewal application must either be filed electronically in the FCCs electronic database for that application, or by mail. They also decide how their programs will be structured and whether to edit or reschedule material for broadcasting. However, absent such a compelling showing, the Commission will not intervene. The Media Bureaus database will also indicate the date the application appeared on Public Notice. If you have any concerns about a local station including its general operation, programming or other matters make your opinion known to the licensee and, if necessary, advise us of your concerns so we can look into the matter. False or Misleading Advertising In this regard, the Commission has observed that the public interest is best served by permitting free expression of views. However, the right to broadcast material is not absolute. This technology, which must be activated by parents, works in conjunction with a voluntary television rating system created and administered by the television industry and others. You can find links to our rules on the Commission website at https://www.fcc.gov/wireless/bureau-divisions/technologies-systems-and-innovation-division/rules-regulations-title-47. Golden Age of American radio | Definition, Shows, & Facts If a radio station aired a personal attack against a candidate but refused to allow the same candidate the opportunity to respond to that attack on its station, the station would be in violation of the The programming must further the educational and informational needs of children 16 years old and under (this includes their intellectual/cognitive or social/emotional needs). Indecent and profane content are prohibited on broadcast TV and radio between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m., when there is a reasonable risk that children may be in the audience. As with renewal applications, you can also file an informal objection to these types of applications, or any other application, at any time before we either grant or deny the application. Additional information on the closed captioning requirements can be found on the FCCs website at https://www.fcc.gov/general/closed-captioning-video-programming-television.

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