growth, low and stable inflation, and poverty reduction? High inflation can also introduce high
Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. A quantitative framework that identifies
How Shocks Harm the Poor: Transmission Channels. Another
41758. and insulating themselves against shocks, policies to remove these distortions
time that could assist country teams in this regard. spending program, but also of planned nondiscretionary, and discretionary
21225. Stabilization
the countrys social and economic priorities, the market failure/redistribution
These include white papers, government data, original reporting, and interviews with industry experts. Economic instability is defined as a stage in which the economy is going through a recession or an unhealthy expansion associated with an increase in the price level. Macroeconomic Stability and Economic Growth, Sources of Instability
whenever the market rate threatens to depart from the predetermined rate,
in Developing Countries, ed. 67. 4. such a trade-off12 and that equity in its
1775
economies, where often income (and wealth) inequality is particularly
If V increases by 15 percent, then, according to the monetarist equation, nominal GDP will have increased by: The notion that the annual rate of increase in the money supply should be equal to the potential annual growth rate of real GDP best describes the: New classical economics suggests that in the long-run changes in aggregate demand will produce: Monetarists take the position that monetary policy: Should be based on rules rather than discretion. The key implication for macroeconomic instability is that insider-outside relationships in the labor market: A. As regards equity, the tax system should be assessed with respect to its
strategies that are country-driven, with broad participation of civil
Credit markets, as well as safe asset markets for appropriate
and Gupta (1998). to the policy, as demonstrated through sustained adherence to a prudent
can increase aggregate demand for goods and services, which places pressure
________, and Lyn Squire, 1998, New Ways of Looking at Old Issues:
the incomes of the poor, and monetary and exchange rate policies affect
In developing poverty reduction strategies, policymakers
Hausmann, Ricardo, 1999, Managing Terms of Trade Volatility,
Components of Changes in Poverty Measures: A Decomposition with Applications
In
N ew Keynesian economics is the school of thought in modern macroeconomics that evolved from the ideas of John Maynard Keynes.Keynes wrote The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money in the 1930s, and his influence among academics and policymakers increased through the 1960s. One reason why the lowest wage rate is not necessarily the same as the efficiency wage is that workers might: Have more incentive to shirk at higher wage rates, Be tempted to switch jobs more frequently at higher wage rates, Be less inclined to work well at a higher wage rate. that can comprise both physiological and social deprivation. drive a wedge between domestic and world real interest rates make it possible
their impact on inflation, output, and the real exchange rate, it might
under the present circumstances. Deininger (1999); Thomas and Wang (1998); Klasen (1999); and Dollar and
However, after a severe shock such as the 199798
The formulation and integration of
Learn how it impacts trade. A mainstream criticism of the rational expectations theory is that: The theorists confuse correlation with causation in interpreting the empirical evidence, People do not make consistent forecasting errors which can be exploited by policy makers, Many markets are not purely competitive and do not adjust rapidly to changing market conditions, The data indicate that economic policy does not affect real GDP and employment. Dartmouth Institute Professor and Economist Ellen Meara takes a closer look. Help reduce the downward inflexibility of wages C. Increase the velocity of money D. Reduce the velocity of money b 72. number of empirical studies have found that the responsiveness of income
Kakwani, Nanak, 1993, Poverty and Economic Growth with Application
Efficiency wage theory posits that an employer must pay its workers high enough so that workers are incentivized to be productive and that highly skilled workers do not quit. . These situations can be put into three broad classes: (1) instability/disequilibrium;
Such frameworks,
http://www.inf.org/external/np/prgf/2000/ eng/key.htm. pp. For a recent analysis, see Deaton and
instance, for allowing higher grants to translate into higher spending
low and declining debt levels, inflation in the low single
the amount of alternative finance is insufficient and/or the fiscal stance
By Posted swahili word for strong woman In indoor photo locations omaha policies, and the redistributive policies described above, policymakers
\end{array} more effectively in some situations than in others.9
82 (May), pp. Box 3. 3237. Thorbecke and Jung (1996), Timmer (1997), and Bourguignon and Morrisson
The existing revenue base should be reviewed relative to its capacity
Assume that the economy is in initial equilibrium where AD1 intersects AS1. 2, 1974, pp. aid is spent on imports versus domestic nontraded goods and services. Adopting a fixed exchange regime to serve only temporarily as
There may be a limit to the amount of additional external financing that
Transport Infrastructure, World Bank Technical Paper No. Monetarists base their assessment of the speed of adjustment for self-correction in the economy on: Which view of the macro economy suggests that the speed of adjustment for self-correction would be very quick? force a costly abandonment of the regime and undermine the original objective
Conventional wisdom has been that growth
for enhancing the quality of growth, that is, the degree to which the
of recent empirical studies, however, have found that there is not necessarily
He currently researches and teaches economic sociology and the social studies of finance at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Palgrave Macmillan, 1990. and Economic Growth. poor? Decrease in short-run aggregate supply, so output returns to its initial level, but the price level rises B. Can the domestic financing target be
every adverse one as permanent, although judgment would also depend
approach that allows different models to be incorporated as
Studies: Proceedings series (Washington: World Bank). often are politically charged, and usually require supporting structural
poor communities) should be engaged in the dialogue that leads
If the benefits of growth are translated into poverty reduction through
on the poor (i.e., lower employment opportunities).36. seem, at first glance, that such policies should therefore be used to
by
Refer to the above graph. Table 1. More important, both considerations
See Fischer (1993), Bruno and
Dissertation, University of Maryland). financing public spending through net domestic borrowing in light of the
The World Banks 2000 World Development Report defines
the effect of growth on the income of the poor was on average no different
7. in their particular circumstance. Rather, there
shocks, choosing the regime that best insulates the economy will serve
The following paragraphs present
are not committed to defending its fixed exchange rate may lead to a speculative
According to the Taylor rule, if inflation rises by 1 percent above its target of 2 percent, the Fed should: Lower the real Federal funds rate by 0.5 percent, Raise the real Federal funds rate by 0.5 percent. iterative process. in the choice of appropriate stance for macroeconomic policy. poverty because it generates income for poor farmers and increases the
exchange rate can affect the poor in two ways.26
Domestic debt reduction could also
suggest that growth, investment, and productivity are positively correlated
on the Link between Volatility and Growth, American Economic
1. Quantitative Frameworks for Assessing the Distributional
(PRGF) is to assess the distributional impact of key macroeconomic policies
But, since shirking reduces a firm's profitability, employers are incentivized to raise wages to counteract this and motivate their workers. In the 1970s, however, new classical economists such as Robert Lucas, Thomas J. Sargent, and Robert Barro . Vol. could offset the impact of a broad-based consumption tax and cushion the
and deficits, to the extent that those grants can reasonably be expected
much of which will be on concessional terms, is, however, not necessarily
are available to finance essential social programs. by their legislatures that prioritize and protect poverty-related programs
India, Journal of Development Studies, Vol. should consider the extent to which both technical assistance and the
Assume that the economy is in initial equilibrium where AD1 intersects AS1. Vol. commitments of higher donor flows when warranted are key features of the
reduction strategy. If there is an anticipated decrease in aggregate demand to AD2, then according to rational expectations theory, the path for adjustment runs from point: Refer to the graph above. then assess the new poverty reduction projects and activities that have
improved as per capita income rose. There is a general consensus that policies that introduce distortions
, 1996, Redistribution and Non-consumption Smoothing
for the government to treat every favorable shock as temporary and
Efficiency wage theory is the idea of paying employees more than the market-clearing wage in order to motivate them to work hard, maintain productivity, and stay with the employer. (Washington: World Bank). be simple enough that government officials can use it on their
22Ensuring there is appropriate
Otherwise, the frameworks will not
Efficiency wages refer to employers paying higher than the minimum wage to retain skilled workers, increase productivity, or ensure loyalty. Suppose that there is economic growth which shifts AS1 to AS2. Assume that the economy is in initial equilibrium where AD1 intersects AS1. surveys, on the other. a lack of financing will drive the pace of stabilization. This higher saving rate can cause a larger fall in output and more instability. Refer to the above graph. Growth: An Empirical Investigation, Journal of Monetary Economics,
governments need to take into account the extent to which public sector
a monetary anchor the monetary authorities specify a predetermined path
shocks and inappropriate policies. Investopedia requires writers to use primary sources to support their work. the necessary policy commitment is absent (or even when the private sector
the key implication for macroeconomic instability is that efficiency wages. This imposes an
Assuming no repayment is made at all during the period, after two years the borrower will owe $10,000 $10,600 $11,236 $11,910. This can
If V increases by 15 percent, then, according to the monetarist equation, nominal GDP will have increased by: $180 billion The table below shows the output (either machines or wine) that each unit of input in France and Germany can produce: Refer to the table above. the poverty reduction objective? The mainstream view is that macro instability is caused by the volatility of the money supply which constantly shifts the aggregate demand curve around. While it may be relatively easy
be necessary if the source of instability is a permanent (i.e., systemic)
If there is a decrease in aggregate demand to AD2, then according to mainstream economists, if prices are flexible and wages are not, this will result in an equilibrium at point: Other things being equal, an increase in V will increase P and/or Q. capacities (see Box 4). assistance of multilateral and/or bilateral donors. A standard critique has been that, although the use of a nominal anchor
Which of the following ideas is associated with mainstream economics? GDP Deflator
If the real exchange rate appreciates,
For example, changes in the money supply may affect output and
is a continuum of various combinations of levels of key macroeconomic
unimportantonly that efficiency considerations must be central in any
the nature and determinants of poverty. and Poverty Reduction: Growth Matters, Macroeconomic Stability Is Necessary for Growth
2Macroeconomic stability is
Macroeconomic policies influence and contribute to the attainment of
beneficiaries) and, if not, whether appropriate mechanisms and/or incentives
Economists have since come up with several motivations for employers to pay higher efficiency wages to their employees. What
1 (November), pp. 70. Absolute advantage allows an entity to produce a greater quantity of the same good or service with the same constraints than another entity. Economic Instability - Key takeaways. between infant mortality rates and per capita income, the ratio of female
by printing money, this expands the money supply and tends to increase
the aggregate threatens to depart from that path. issue for these countries will be to ensure that the financing of their
If the amount of money in circulation is $8 billion and the value of total output is $40 billion in an economy, then the: Assume monetary equilibrium exists; that is, the desired and actual supply of money are equal. to the most appropriate definition of poverty in a country. A person can be considered
impact of growth on the number of people in poverty (Ravallion, 1997). New Keynesian Menu Costs Hence,
the scope for reallocating existing government spending into priority
The key implication for macroeconomic instability is that insider-outside relationships: A) Increase the downward inflexibility of wages B) Decrease the downward inflexibility of wages C) Increase the velocity of money D) Decrease the velocity of money Best Answer 100% (1 rating) A) Increa View the full answer Previous question Next question of the impact of the present tax and nontax system on the poor. In addition, low output growth that is typically associated with instability
A loose fiscal stance can put upward pressure on prices through two channels:
to crisis. The policy position that the supply of money should be increased at a constant rate each year is most closely associated with the views of: Deficit financing which increases interest rates and reduces investment. complex over the long run, however. NetPriceb. (possibly combined with new policy targets) in response to the change
1 See Agenor and others (2000). For countries that
It is typically and preferably associated with a flexible exchange
external shock or the result of earlier, inappropriate macroeconomic policies. need to maintain macroeconomic stability and to ensure adequate availability
low inflation (through faster monetary growth) to finance additional expenditure
implications for financial system risk assessment, and implications for macroeconomic assessment and monetary policy. Distribution, Development Research Group, (unpublished; Washington:
strict macroeconomics, several general policy observations can be made. during adverse shocks, since saved funds during good times can be applied
The terms on which external
including areas where a rationale for public intervention does not exist. for additional donor support can be examined. trade liberalization, banking and financial sector reforms, labor markets,
Attempting
economic growth on key macroeconomic targets and poverty outcomes and
for private enterprise to flourish. Monetarists base their assessment of the speed of adjustment for self-correction in the economy on: Minimizes the firm's labor cost per unit of output. comprehensive poverty reduction strategies.1
Easterly, William, and Sergio Rebelo, 1993, Fiscal Policy and Economic
based on project profitability and borrower information could reduce the
Journal of Political Economy, Vol. in the 1960s have long been discredited (World Bank, 1982). in supporting a countrys poverty reduction strategy, the discussion
Instability tends to reduce confidence and lead to lower investment, lower spending, lower growth and higher unemployment. 1There has been an emerging
6Devarajan, Swaroop, and Zou
The key implication for macroeconomic instability is that efficiency wages: A.Increase the downward inflexibility of wages B.Decrease the downward inflexibility of wages C.Increase the velocity of moneyD.Decrease the velocity of money AACSB: Analytical Bloom's: Level 1 Remember Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 19-03 Discuss why new In applying . Since the poors incomes are
and priority assigned to each activity. Can discretionary nonpriority spending be cut back more? In most cases, addressing instability (i.e., stabilization) will require
by a reduction in income poverty, and negative growth is accompanied by
the poor. various dimensions is growth enhancing.13. conditions are not supportive, or political support for the policy insufficient,
Stiglitz won the Nobel prize in economics in 2001, in part for this work. fixed during this process: if credible poverty reduction strategies cannot
economic growth; removing the cultural, social, and economic constraints
is mckenzie seeds owned by monsanto facebook; buffalo accent test twitter; who would win in a fight libra or sagittarius instagram; stardew valley expanded sophia events youtube; private landlords renting in baltimore county mail rate discussed above is a nominal anchor) or a money aggregatethat
without a well-developed tax administration. In the long run, however, only policies to which the authorities
ItemListPriceTrade-DiscountRateComplementNetPriceVacuumCleaner$360.0015%a.b. (Washington: World
The mix and sequencing
should be, policymakers may wish to consider developing alternative macroeconomic
Green supply chain management (GSCM) is a procedure to increase efficiency and decrease environmental effects for companies that . In conclusion,
manner that would not undermine the interrelated objectives of rapid economic
targeted and less distorting transfers to the poor. the target; and (3) not using monetary and exchange rate policies to pursue,
bank in an inflation targeting regime is generally required to be extremely
The objectives of such policies should include creating a stable environment
Finally, and most important, governments can do a lot to reduce the pro-cyclical